= BFL)
distance on the optical axis between last active optical surface and the sensor when the object is at infinity.
The value is only valid in paraxial optics, ie for objects close to the optical axis.
Further off the optical axis, the focal distance of distant objects is affected by the spherical aberration.
(back focal distance = Back Focal Length = BFL)
Note:
Not to be confused with the effective focal length EFL!
Barrel Distortion (C) Wikipedia
The difference between the usual color and monochrome – ( ” black and white ” – ) cameras is an additional layer of small color filters , mostly arranged in the so-called ” Bayer pattern ” (patented by Bryce E. Bayer, 1976, employee of Eastman Kodak ) .
See Why can color cameras use lower resolution lenses than monochrome cameras?
= Back Focal Length
= distance between the last optical active surface and the image of objects at infinity that are close to the axis.
A picture taken with a monochrome camera usually has 256 levels of gray.
If the image just has two gray levels, it’s called “binary” image.
An old style fax usually shows a binary image
Here’s a wonderful example of Art based on dichroic filters.
Art based on “dichroic filters”: “Irdien” by Chris Wood
www.chriswoodglass.co.uk with kind permission of the artist
We notice that the colors change at different angles of the filters.
Even more visible here :
Art based on Dichroic filters : Photo used with kind permission of the Artist: Chris Wood, www.chriswoodglass.co.uk
We notice especially that for filters of the outer circle, filters that have a 90 degree different orientation have about the same color transmission. Especially look at the topmost, the rightmost (both orange colored) and the top-right-most filter (with a purple touch)
Below is a calculator that gives an idea about the resulting interval of wavelengths (called “band” ) when you use the filter at some angle off the designed incident angle.
The filters above seemed designed for an incident of 45 degrees to the surface. Thus +45 and -45 degrees result in the same color and in between we get a blue shift of the wavelength that pass.
The calculation is just for the primitive case of a rectangular transmission curve.
Bokeh is a word that describes blurry, quite large, often round blobs in the image, often as background of some focussed image part.
As an example see the Bokeh of these lights of a Christmas tree.
Bokeh
“Bokeh” actually is the image of typically point sized Objects in a distance far outside the DOF, most often point size objects at infinity while the lens is focussed on some near distance or point sized object in the foreground when the lens is focussed on infinity.
A diagram explains this best :
The lowest large dot on the right is an example for Bokeh.
The Bokeh has ring shape here, because the image was taken with by a mirror lens, so that the iris center wasn’t exposed to light.
Standardized interface for the mounting of lenses, described in ISO 10935 (1996-12) Optics and optical instruments – Microscopes – Interface Type C
Standard interface for mounting of lenses.
The diameter of the thread is 1 “(one inch) and there are 32 threads to 1” in length.
The distance between the mechanical stop of the lens and the sensor in air is 17,526 mm
This is about 5mm more than for CS-mount lenses. C-mount lenses can be used with a 5mm extension ring (“C- to CS-mount adapter”) with CS-mount cameras.
CS-mount lenses however can not be used with C-mount cameras.
C-mount lenses are usually used for factory automation lenses.
The principle of the camera obscura (= pinhole camera) is like this:
The disadvantage is clearly, that the image on the image plane is very dark. The needed exposure times to take an image can well be minutes!
Idea: Lets use a larger hole :
Now, however, the image not only gets brighter (as intended) but also gets blurry, because the light not only passes through the center of the hole. So not only the correct position of the image is exposed to the light, but also the direct neighbours.
As a result, the image of an object point is not just a point, but instead a little disk, the so called “Circle of Confusion” (CoC).
