Lens mount developed by Nikon, typical used for line scan cameras
Archives
F-Number
= F-Stop = Aperture Value
F-Stop
F-Theta
F-Theta lenses are a class of Fisheye lenses
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com r = f \theta](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-b159c5a624c1911845ab14ad9173e28f_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com d = \pi 1.37](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-9b22a6f34625979ef39ea369d020fc7a_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com 4.30](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-e4bab15d7ab9bacfcb5f2bcc3fbd174a_l3.png)
Therefor a f=3.17mm F-Theata lens with an image diameter for 180° of 4.15mm has a distortion of (4.15/4.3)-1 = 0.965-1 = -3.5%
maintains angular distances
Type : F-Theta | weak | medium | strong | max |
---|---|---|---|---|
angles | 115° | 159° | 217° | 360° and more |
see
Fisheye Types
far point
Most distant point on the optical axis with an image of “acceptable sharpness”
Where CoC is the Circle of Confusion (the largest accepted Airy-disk) in Millimeter.
Alternatively, we can express the FarPoint using the magnification M :
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \mu](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3b7abcc256d1944b044119c7ddfc5141_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com CoC = 2.2\mu \cdot \sqrt{2} = 3.1 \mu = 0.0031mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-551f5120185aa70b653f5f35346bf1d4_l3.png)
A 5 Mega lens with f=7.2mm focal length and F-stop F2.4, focused to an object distance of 100mm then has a far point of
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com FarPoint = \frac{((7.2mm)^2 \cdot 100mm)}{((7.2mm)^2 - 2.4 \cdot 0.0031mm \cdot (100mm-7.2mm))} = 101.35mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-40964bf603943fe4f4ddf04a00572d63_l3.png)
und einen Nahpunkt von
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com NearPoint = \frac{((7.2mm)^2 \cdot 100mm)}{((7.2mm)^2 + 2.4 \cdot 0.0031mm \cdot (100mm-7.2mm))} = 98.69mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-839883ea1a1b7a8a5142f8f2ece4fbc2_l3.png)
and thus
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com DOF = FarPoint - NearPoint = 2.66mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-7aeb927ff31eb9e0f836f3a7eefbfe0c_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \mu](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-3b7abcc256d1944b044119c7ddfc5141_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com CoC = 3.45 \cdot \sqrt{2} = 4.86 \mu = 0.00486mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-d16419458212087c8809cb861c18b7a3_l3.png)
A 5 Mega lens with f=7.2mm focal length and F-stop F2.4, focussed to 100mm then results in
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com FarPoint = \frac{((7.2mm)^2 \cdot 100mm)}{((7.2mm)^2 - 2.4 \cdot 0.00486mm \cdot (100mm-7.2mm))} = 102.13](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-d2c12faf6274a7fc9e28f80d90ead1c7_l3.png)
und einen Nahpunkt von
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com NearPoint = \frac{((7.2mm)^2 \cdot 100mm)}{((7.2mm)^2 + 2.4 \cdot 0.00486 \cdot (100-7.2))} = 97.95](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-8173ad24ed167e2b7bd2f8399e5bb3a9_l3.png)
thus we get
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com DOF = FarPoint - NearPoint = 4.18mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-fa20345a1c11d98ce3ef5e13aa11a759_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com CoC=2 \cdot PixelSize](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-cf9207297827b25561d2ffa3821e95af_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com DOF_{5 Mega Aptina} = 101.93mm - 98.14mm = 3.78mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-78f8d4ba6f908dd9be96d4913ece4cf4_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com DOF_{5 Mega Sony} = 103.06mm - 97.11mm = 5.93mm](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-0ae4f4ed4b8edbe8289b658da6656646_l3.png)
see also https://www.optowiki.info/blog/can-i-increase-the-dof-by-changing-the-focal-length/
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \infty](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-734139d7e93a12f52843ae73c8a7e1f4_l3.png)
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \frac{H}{2}](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-933685bfc03357c814a8714ecf38e4af_l3.png)
The DOF is
![Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com \infty](https://www.optowiki.info/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-734139d7e93a12f52843ae73c8a7e1f4_l3.png)
Fermat’s Principle
If light travels from one point to another, it takes paths of a length that in first approximation is equal to the length of optical paths length closely adjascent to the actual path.
The actual path taken has either a maximum or a minimum OPL compared to adjascent optical paths or is equal to the OPL of adjascent paths.
Field of View
(usually horizontal) extend of an object that’s visible on a sensor.
Sometimes the HFOV (horizontal field of view), sometimes the VFOV (Vertical Field of View) and sometimes the DFOV (Diagonal Field of View) matters. It’s of utmost importance to state clearly which matters.
first order optics
is the study of perfect optical systems.
Any imperfections and aberrations, also wavelengths, diffraction, interference etc. are ignored.
Parts of first order optics are Gaussian optics ( = paraxial optics).
Results of this analysis are image location and magnification.
Compare third order optics
Fisheye Types
Various types of fisheye lenses are available.
Here a short overview:
Fisheye Types:
Type | gnomonic | stereographic | F-Theta | equal area | orthographic | lens class | wide angle | Fisheye | Fisheye | Fisheye | Fisheye |
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mapping function | ![]() |
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normalized mapping function ![]() |
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meridional scaling ![]() |
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sagittal scaling ![]() |
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effective scaling ![]() |
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N from ![]() |
2 | 1 | 0 | -1 | ![]() |
Balance Deform. vs. Scaling ![]() |
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0 | -2 | ![]() |
2 |
Curvature ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
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-1 |
Deformation ![]() |
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maintains | – | angles | angular distances | areas | planar illuminance |
AOV ![]() |
<180° | <360° | >= 360° | 360° | 180° |
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54° | 94° | 115° | 94° | 66° |
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75° | 131° | 159° | 131° | 90° |
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102° | 180° | 217° | 180° | 120° |
Source of the various angles and formulae: wikipedia
Here the angle is measured in Radians !
F-Theta lenses are also called “equidistant“, “linear scaled“, “äquidistant” or “angular”
sterographic lenses are also called “ conform“or “ winkeltreu”
orthographic lenses are also called” hemispherical“or “orthographisch“
For details see:
equal area
F-Theta
gnomonic
orthographic
stereographic
focal length
The focal length is the distance from the Image side principal plane to the image of objects at infinity.
For single lenses in air that is equal to the distance from the first focal point to the first principal point.
(in each case measured from the left to the right)
Note that this is a positive value for converging lenses and a negative value for the divergent lenses.
The larger the focal length, the smaller the aperture angle of the lens and the smaller the object section that is displayed full-frame on the sensor.
The lens captures less of the object. Extremea are telephoto lenses and finally telescopes.
The smaller the focal length, the larger the aperture angle of the lens and the larger the object section which is displayed full-frame on the sensor.
The lens captures more of the object. Extreme forms are fisheye lenses.
Lenses are typically listed, sorted by focal length. As an approximation, lenses with larger focal length see a smaller portion of the object (in more detail).
There are exceptions! (See: pseudo-knowledge: viewing angle and focal length are equivalent)
Therefore for wide angles a too small focal length is returned .. (as all focal length calculators on the internet do 😉 );
Also keep in mind that the Gauss lens equation and the Newtonian image equation both assume same CRA on object and image side, which is nearly never given for wide angle lenses and for sure not for fisheye lenses.
Therefore when you calculate focal length, object and image distances, they will in general differ from the real world situation you measure!
However, Viewing angles change with the working distance! Also, a Pinhole lens model is assumed. Thus for wide angles a too small focal length is returned .. (as all focal length calculators on the internet do 😉 )
For the next calculator it is very important to correct the distortions before doing the calculation: